Purpose
To uphold the value of intellectual freedom in Virginia's libraries by monitoring and reporting on intellectual freedom issues in the Commonwealth.
Committee Member Roster
Email to membership: {VLA} Legislation Affecting Libraries Defeated: Update on General Assembly February 20, 2023
Resources and Continuing Education
Intellectual Freedom Issues and General Resources
Privacy Issues
Banned Books
Fake News Info & Resources
School Censorship
Internet and Net Neutrality
Reporting Challenges
Has your library experienced a challenge or a reconsideration of your materials, displays, website content, or another intellectual freedom issue? Let the VLA Intellectual Freedom Committee know, and we can offer support, guidance, and resources for you and your library. If you aren’t sure what constitutes a reconsideration or a challenge, please report it and let us know anyway.
Contact: VLA Intellectual Freedom Committee Chair, Keith Weimer

The American Library Association collects statistics on challenges as well to monitor trends in intellectual freedom issues. If you have received a challenge at your library, please fill out their quick and easy challenge report (this can be submitted anonymously).
Book Resumes
To help navigate the many book challenges happening in Virginia, VLA is sharing "book resumes for commonly challenged books. Resumes are completed by librarians throughout the state who volunteer to complete. Resumes will be uploaded to the VLA Members Only website.
If you're interested in helping with completing a resume, click to complete the Virginia Challenged Book Resume Collaboration form. You can select up to five books.
Court Cases in Virginia Beach 2022 in favor of A Court of Mist and Fury and Gender Queer
VLA has created a Dropbox of files related to the court cases, CL22-1984 (A Court of Mist and Fury) and CL22-1985 (Gender Queer). Original Petitions and Finals Orders are included, as well as briefs submitted by the authors, publishers and other interested parties.
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Virginia Intellectual Freedom In the News
Recent News
March 2023
February 2023
- February 15, 2023 NCAC asks Madison County, VA School Board to keep books in libraries https://ncac.org/news/ncac-asks-madison-county-va-school-board-to-keep-books-in-libraries
- February 15, 2023 Residents speak up about book banning https://dailyprogress.com/community/madisonnews/news/residents-speak-up-about-book-banning/article_385a4b1e-ac7c-11ed-8111-b77808bf4836.html
- February 15, 2023 Book banning: schools around state face issues https://www.kenbridgevictoriadispatch.com/2023/02/15/book-banning-schools-around-state-face-issues/
- February 12, 2023 Go ahead and ban my book https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/02/margaret-atwood-handmaids-tale-virginia-book-ban-library-removal/673013/
- February 10, 2023 Youngkin administration bashes state teachers union for distributing Black Lives Matter materials https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/youngkin-administration-bashes-state-teachers-union-for-distributing-black-lives-matter-materials/article_a6ed77d0-a976-11ed-bb6e-6fe568f4049a.html
- February 9, 2023 Isle of Wight school board bans 'sexually explicit' books for K-8 students https://www.wtkr.com/news/isle-of-wight-school-board-bans-sexually-explicit-books-for-k-8-students
- February 9, 2023 The General Assembly debates controversial books https://www.wvtf.org/news/2023-02-09/the-general-assembly-debates-controversial-books
- February 8, 2023 'Mama Bears' want input about what goes into school libraries; librarians say they already do https://www.wtvr.com/news/virginia-politics/mama-bears-school-libraries-feb-8-2023
- February 8, 2023 Dems slam GOP for ‘prioritizing culture wars and investigations’ at first House education hearing https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3847493-dems-plan-to-slam-gop-for-political-stunts-and-sham-investigations-at-first-house-education-hearing/
- February 8, 2023 New legislation pushes for parental input in Virginia school libraries https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/education/new-legislation-pushes-for-parental-input-in-school-libraries-virginia/291-c4db626a-e860-4f9b-91da-7a02affd6104
- February 2, 2023 Parental advisory labels for library books rejected by the VA Senate panel https://patch.com/virginia/arlington-va/parental-advisory-labels-library-books-rejected-va-senate-panel
January 2023
- January 27, 2023 Henrico school board votes to keep challenged book https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/henrico-school-board-votes-to-keep-challenged-book/article_75dd6840-9dae-11ed-88a1-f33e88c33860.html
- January 27, 2023 Bill increasing parental oversight of school library materials clears House but faces tough Senate https://www.fauquier.com/news/bill-increasing-parental-oversight-of-school-library-materials-clears-house-but-faces-tough-senate/article_86d5f68a-9e44-11ed-ab76-074c4d9af531.html
- January 26, 2023 School library bill https://richmond.com/news/school-library-bill/video_cebfa863-9907-57c8-898a-7f959866e1c1.html (video)
- January 20, 2023 Full list of 21 books banned by Virginia school board https://www.newsweek.com/virginia-school-board-ban-books-stephen-king-margaret-attwood-1775323
- January 20, 2023 Book selection, censorship bill advances in House https://www.henricocitizen.com/articles/book-selection-censorship-bill-advances-in-house/
- January 19, 2023 Senate education committee defeats GOP K-12 bills https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/senate-education-committee-defeats-gop-k-12-bills/article_350fc9b2-984e-11ed-abc0-0ba48660fdac.html
- January 16, 2023 Proposed ‘divisive’ content ban meets opposition https://www.smithfieldtimes.com/2023/01/16/proposed-divisive-content-ban-meets-opposition/
- January 12, 2023 ill requiring parental approval for sexually explicit school library books rejected by Senate panel https://www.wric.com/news/politics/capitol-connection/bill-requiring-parental-consent-for-sexually-explicit-school-library-books-rejected-by-senate-panel/
- January 12, 2023 General Assembly poised to take up array of parental rights bills https://www.virginiamercury.com/2023/01/12/general-assembly-poised-to-take-up-array-of-parental-rights-bills/
- January 11, 2023 Republican House shifting tech focus from antitrust to censorship, more investigations https://wset.com/news/nation-world/republican-house-shifting-tech-focus-from-antitrust-to-censorship-more-investigations-social-media-twitter-facebook-google-amazon-weaponization-of-government-committee
- January 10, 2023 12 education bills to watch in Virginia's 2023 General Assembly https://starexponent.com/12-education-bills-to-watch-in-virginias-2023-general-assembly/article_9a02f438-904d-11ed-9efa-8793a3149645.html
- January 9, 2023 Virginia Tech soccer player who refused to kneel for BLM scores $100K settlement https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring-america/fairness-justice/virginia-tech-soccer-player-who-refused-to-kneel-for-blm-scores-100k-settlement
- January 6, 2023 What book bans are doing to library purchases https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/what-book-bans-are-doing-to-school-library-purchases/2023/01
- January 4, 2023 Virginia Tech paid $100,000 in ex-athlete's lawsuit settlement, attorney says https://roanoke.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/virginia-tech-paid-100-000-in-ex-athletes-lawsuit-settlement-attorney-says/article_cfcbc3d6-8c8f-11ed-b60f-5bbe7642546e.html
- January 4, 2023 Parents’ rights in schools appears to be a focus of upcoming Virginia legislative session https://www.pilotonline.com/news/education/vp-nw-education-bills-2023-session-20230104-lrmortwdwjaqncdzwky35qlgm4-story.html
- January 2, 2023 New Kent schools searching for explicit content in lessons https://www.dailypress.com/tidewater-review/va-tr-new-kent-school-policy-20230102-2b3ftdjdivcjbiiaiurc7qd5bu-story.html
December 2022
- December 28, 2022 'Fences' Removed: LCPS Cuts Book Version of Award-Winning Play from Curriculum https://www.loudountimes.com/news/education/fences-removed-lcps-cuts-book-version-of-award-winning-play-from-curriculum/article_45ff7514-8607-11ed-b751-8f8567529ba0.html
- December 28, 2022 How Does Social Media Affect Virginians? Portsmouth Delegate Wants to Create a State Commission Tasked with Finding Out https://www.pilotonline.com/government/virginia/vp-nw-statehouse-politics-social-media-20221228-aklym5lexjaqlefttr3amtfihy-story.html
- December 26, 2022 School Board Gets a Second Review of Policy Guiding Use of Sexually Explicit Class Material https://www.chesterfieldobserver.com/articles/school-board-gets-a-second-review-of-policy-guiding-use-of-sexually-explicit-class-material/
- December 22, 2022 A Mom Wrongly Said the Book Showed Pedophilia. School libraries Banned It. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/12/22/lawn-boy-book-ban-pedophilia/
- December 20, 2022 VA Gov’s School Policy on Transgenders Gets Vocal Support From Parents - Dem Lawmakers Still Object https://www.mrctv.org/blog/va-govs-school-policy-transgenders-gets-vocal-support-parents-dem-lawmakers-still-object
- December 21, 2022 Why Would Prisons Ban My Book? Absurdities Rule the System https://www.themarshallproject.org/2022/12/21/prison-banned-books-new-york-florida-censorship
- December 19, 2022 Virginia Joins the Growing List of U.S. States that have Banned TikTok for Government Officials https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2022/12/19/jordan-bans-tiktok-virginia-joins-states-ban-tiktok/
- December 19, 2022 Why Virginia Banned TikTok on State Owned Devices https://www.wvtf.org/news/2022-12-19/why-virginia-banned-tiktok-on-state-owned-devices
- December 19, 2022 Virginia Tech Soccer Player who Refused to Kneel for BLM Scores Legal Victory https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring-america/equality-not-elitism/judge-declines-to-dismiss-lawsuit-by-player-who-refused-to-kneel
- December 19, 2022 Library Plan Calls for Opposing Censorship, Increased Promotion of Services https://www.potomaclocal.com/2022/12/19/library-plan-calls-for-opposing-censorship-increased-promotion-of-services/
- December 17, 20022 Virginia Joins Several other States in Banning TikTok on Government Devices https://www.npr.org/2022/12/15/1142828852/tiktok-senate-federal-ban-state-agency-governors
- December 16, 2022 Virginia Gov. Youngkin Bans TikTok in State Government https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/virginia-gov-youngkin-bans-tiktok-in-state-government/3235653/
- December 14, 2022 New State Historical Highway Markers Approved in Franklin Co., Roanoke https://wset.com/news/local/new-state-historical-highway-markers-approved-ferrum-franklin-county-roanoke-gainsboro-branch-library-community-board-historic-resources-richmond-virginia-december-2022
- December 12, 2022 Richmond’s Last Confederate Statue Is Removed https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/12/us/confederate-statue-richmond.html
- December 12, 2022 Judge Gives Green Light For Former VT Soccer Player To Continue Free Speech Lawsuit https://www.mrctv.org/blog/judge-gives-green-light-former-vt-soccer-player-continue-free-speech-lawsuit
- December 12, 2022 Federal Court Rules in Favor of Former Virginia Tech Soccer Player in Free Speech Case https://jonathanturley.org/2022/12/12/virginia-tech/
- December 11, 2022 Shenandoah School Board Revises Rules on Sexually Explicit Instructional Items; Library Books May Follow https://www.nvdaily.com/nvdaily/shenandoah-school-board-revises-rules-on-sexually-explicit-instructional-items-library-books-may-follow/article_c12781b0-a93c-5514-874f-bf3126f514f2.html
- December 11, 2022 Ex-Virginia Tech Soccer Player Can Sue Coach for Allegedly Punishing Her for Refusing to Kneel in Social Justice Protest, Judge Rules https://www.theblaze.com/news/hokies-soccer-player-lawsuit-kneeling
- December 11, 2022 Expect More Attacks on Public Education in Virginia 2023 https://roanoke.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-expect-more-attacks-on-public-education-in-virginia-2023/article_61a25ab8-77c3-11ed-b429-efabc97e05f3.html
- December 11, 2022 Do Universities Restrict Free Speech? Virginia Tech, Radford Presidents Weigh https://dailyprogress.com/news/state-and-regional/do-universities-restrict-free-speech-virginia-tech-radford-presidents-weigh-in/article_5b2c57ad-3f73-5c9e-9ec1-19c932079b8c.html
- December 9, 2022 Virginia Bill Would Ban TikTok from Government Devices https://www.wric.com/news/virginia-news/virginia-bill-would-ban-tiktok-from-government-devices/
- December 9, 2022 VA School Resubmits Application For After School Satan Club https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/culture/tierin-rose-mandelburg/2022/12/09/va-school-resubmits-application-after-school-satan
- December 9, 2022 Restaurant Denies Christian Group Service over its Anti-Abortion and LGBTQ Stances https://www.cbsnews.com/news/metzger-restaurant-cancels-reservation-for-christian-family-foundation/
- December 8, 2022 Restaurant Refuses Service to Conservative Christian Group, Citing Staff’s ‘Dignity, Comfort and Safety’ https://www.today.com/food/news/metzger-restaurant-refuses-service-family-foundation-rcna60657
- December 7, 2022 Virginia Restaurant Cancels Reservation of Anti-LGBTQ+ Organization https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/dec/07/virginia-metzger-restaurant-cancel-family-foundation-reservation-lgbtq
- December 7, 2022 Committee Including Parents, Student and Librarians to Review Goals for Policies on Library Books, 'Sexually Explicit' Class Materials https://www.fauquier.com/news/committee-including-parents-student-and-librarians-to-review-goals-for-policies-on-library-books-sexually/article_8138dbce-7276-11ed-9541-5f07e8b10489.html
- December 6, 2022 Restaurant Refuses Service to Christian Group, Citing Staff ‘Dignity’ https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2022/12/06/metzger-restaurant-family-foundation/
- December 6, 2022 Arlington Public Library’s Hosting of Nikole Hannah-Jones (Creator of the “1619 Project”) Rankles the Right-Wing https://bluevirginia.us/2022/12/arlington-public-librarys-hosting-of-nikole-hannah-jones-creator-of-the-1619-project-rankles-the-right-wing
- December 6, 2022 Anti-LGBTQ Hate Is Forcing Drag Queen Events To Prepare For Attacks https://news.yahoo.com/anti-lgbtq-hate-forcing-drag-171900686.html
- December 5, 2022 Virginia Must Address Social Media’s Threat to Democracy, and our Safety https://richmond.com/opinion/columnists/column-virginia-must-address-social-media-s-threat-to-democracy-and-our-safety/article_c097bca7-3f0a-5106-b371-d2f4c687ae61.html
- December 3, 2022 Schools Have a Moral (and Legal) Obligation to Resist ‘Divisive Concepts’ Ban https://richmond.com/opinion/columnists/column-schools-have-a-moral-and-legal-obligation-to-resist-divisive-concepts-ban/article_bce67c2e-b70f-54f9-ae07-c163194c3de1.html
- December 2, 2022 ‘Satan Club’ Meeting at Chesapeake Elementary School Causes a Stir, but It’s Not What You Think https://www.pilotonline.com/news/education/vp-nw-chesapeake-school-satan-club-20221202-mw5dfkslxjeg3jrdgkflb3zzqu-story.html
- December 2, 2022 Committee Including Parents, Student and Librarians to Review Goals for Policies on Library Books, 'Sexually Explicit' Class Materials https://www.fauquier.com/news/committee-including-parents-student-and-librarians-to-review-goals-for-policies-on-library-books-sexually/article_8138dbce-7276-11ed-9541-5f07e8b10489.html
- December 2, 2022 FCPS to Consider Policy on Identifying ‘Sexually Explicit’ Materials https://www.restonnow.com/2022/12/02/fcps-to-consider-policy-on-identifying-sexually-explicit-materials/
- December 1, 2022 Book Banners in Spotsy Just Warming Up https://fredericksburg.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-book-banners-in-spotsy-just-warming-up/article_eabffeb6-71a8-11ed-af1d-2708ce6ccc37.html#tracking-source=home-top-story
November 2022
- November 18, 2022 Gov. Youngkin Promises Racism, Slavery Will Be Taught in Virginia Schools https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/gov-youngkin-promises-racism-slavery-will-be-taught-in-virginia-schools/ar-AA14i8yi?ocid=msedgdhp&cvid=381d3f22bf6b491199ae43ed5874ccfa&fbclid=IwAR14NyguJA5wwVsrmFieIwfAFjBLpL-4dGDmsXg6x9eBHtk97kGlgbV8oOw
- November 18, 2022 Virginia's GOP Governor Deleted MLK Day & Barack Obama from Its History Curriculum https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/virginia-s-gop-governor-deleted-mlk-day-barack-obama-from-its-history-curriculum/ar-AA14hvNw?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=e1a635591aac4b38be6b43f0ba6174a7&fbclid=IwAR1vTGXgnDf9tBK93xc9lWCxOZabXy2ikuT2crFUshc_gKAm9YvIE-42yzw
- November 18, 2022 Judge Dismisses Social Media Lawsuit against Prince William Supervisor Pete Candland https://www.insidenova.com/headlines/judge-dismisses-social-media-lawsuit-against-prince-william-supervisor-pete-candland/article_e3ffa1a6-6737-11ed-9a5d-2f703a2bb359.html
- November 16, 2022 School Board Hears Concern, Parents’ Angst over Sexual Book Content https://www.chesterfieldobserver.com/articles/school-board-hears-concern-parents-angst-over-sexual-book-content/
- November 14, 2022 SB 787 Public School Libraries; Printed or Audiovisual Materials, Selection, Evaluation, & Checkout Proced. https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?231+sum+SB787
- November 12, 2022 Education Dept. Investigates Virginia School District's Response to Anti-Semitic Incidents https://www.christianpost.com/news/federal-govt-probes-school-districts-handling-of-anti-semitism.html
- November 8, 2022 Frederick County Public Schools Adopts Model Policy on 'Sexually Explicit' Curriculum https://www.winchesterstar.com/winchester_star/frederick-county-public-schools-adopts-model-policy-on-sexually-explicit-curriculum/article_17ea1ce3-67bd-54fc-bd1b-42c168b8e20d.html
- November 4, 2022 HB 1379 Public elementary and Secondary School Libraries; Catalog of Printed and Audiovisual Materials, etc. https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?231+sum+HB1379
- November 4, 2022 Prince William School Board Considering Parental Consent for School-Wide Book Readings https://www.insidenova.com/headlines/prince-william-school-board-considering-parental-consent-for-school-wide-book-readings/article_eb60a168-5c1d-11ed-9e31-a705f8657a13.html
- November 4, 2022 Virginia's GOP Governor Shut Down a Hotline that Parents Could Use to Report 'Critical Race Theory' Complaints because Not Enough People Were Sending Tips https://www.yahoo.com/news/virginias-gop-governor-shut-down-152237105.html
- November 4, 2022 Teacher Asks Court to Restore Suit on Trans Student Pronouns https://www.nvdaily.com/associated_press_national/teacher-asks-court-to-restore-suit-on-trans-student-pronouns/article_14290a75-4ddf-5afd-8b38-5f4263dd0d48.html
- November 3, 2022 Virginia Education Tip Line Sees Concerns from Parents https://www.nvdaily.com/associated_press_national/virginia-education-tip-line-sees-concerns-from-parents/article_1950f298-7cfe-5caa-9aa5-54ad5bb52f21.html
- November 3, 2022 ‘There Are Some Hills That Are Worth Dying on,’ Says Teacher Fired Over ‘Preferred’ Pronouns https://www.dailysignal.com/2022/11/03/there-are-some-hills-that-are-worth-dying-on-says-teacher-fired-over-preferred-pronouns/
October 2022
- October 21, 2022 Ashcroft Wants Tighter Rules on Racy Public Library Books https://roanoke.com/news/national/govt-and-politics/ashcroft-wants-tighter-rules-on-racy-public-library-books/article_7dba9db5-7136-5bba-9099-be091f14ff94.html
- October 19, 2022 Fauquier Deputy Superintendent Says New 'Sexually Explicit Content' Draft Policy Will Be Presented in November https://www.fauquiernow.com/news/education/fauquier-deputy-superintendent-says-new-sexually-explicit-content-draft-policy-will-be-presented-in-november/article_fc741746-4f1b-11ed-9862-f7ffdc2238e7.html
- October 19, 2022 Total of 33 Library Books Challenged in Spotsylvania https://fredericksburg.com/news/local/education/total-of-33-library-books-challenged-in-spotsylvania/article_ba590394-4e49-11ed-8a98-f750c1f09f95.html
- October 18, 2022 Lawsuit Against Spotsylvania School Board Can Move Forward With Amendments https://vadogwood.com/2022/10/18/lawsuit-against-spotsylvania-school-board-can-move-forward-with-amendments/
- October 14, 2022 LGBTQ bill on Child Abuse Creates Uproar in Virginia and Beyond https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/10/14/lgbtq-bill-virginia-guzman/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=6b8a4e76-c749-4943-b2c3-dda9c7fefa79
- October 14, 2022 Safest State in America? Virginia Ranks Well as a Whole but Cybersecurity Lacking https://augustafreepress.com/safest-state-in-america-virginia-ranks-well-as-a-whole-but-cybersecurity-lacking/
- October 14, 2022 Residents Speak Out Against Textbook Ban https://dailyprogress.com/community/madisonnews/news/residents-speak-out-against-textbook-ban/article_07d96f32-498b-11ed-a4d9-978a7f094836.html
- October 13, 2022 Va. Parents Could Face Abuse Charges for not Affirming Their LGBTQ child Under New Bill https://wjla.com/news/crisis-in-the-classroom/lgbtq-students-parents-schools-education-child-protective-services-felony-glenn-youngkin-jason-miyares-lesbian-gay-transgender-charges-virginia-sexual-orientation-gender-identity
- October 12, 2022 Sparks Fly in Loudoun County School Board Race over 'Book Banning' and 'Explicit Books' https://wjla.com/news/elections/loudoun-county-public-schools-board-race-explicit-book-banning-local-elections-virginia-lauren-shernoff-michael-rivera-nick-gothard-erika-ogedegbe-tiffany-polifko-andrew-hoyler-lcps-classroom-lesson-plans-literature
- October 10, 2022 Banning Books Controversy in Madison County https://www.cbs19news.com/story/47455142/banning-books-controversy-in-madison-county
- October 6, 2022 Books in Question for ‘Vulgar’ Material Can Be Sold to Minors in Virginia Beach for Now, but ‘Fight Is Far from Over,’ Delegate Says https://www.pilotonline.com/news/education/vp-nw-virginia-beach-obscene-books-update-20221006-q2bcqdwa25affc7eos6vjzzpaq-story.html
- October 5, 2022 A Campus Pro-Life Group Faced Criticism. Now, It Demands That Its Detractors Be 'Reprimanded.' https://reason.com/2022/10/05/a-campus-pro-life-group-faced-criticism-now-it-demands-that-its-detractors-be-reprimanded/
- October 5, 2022 Overturning of Gender Queer Graphic Novel's Ban Stands as Appeal Misses Deadline https://www.cbr.com/gender-queer-virginia-ban-victory-stands-no-appeal/
- October 4, 2022 Madison School Board Proposes Banning Library Books as Part of New State Policy https://starexponent.com/news/madison-school-board-proposes-banning-library-books-as-part-of-new-state-policy/article_f9021330-cf5d-5d9f-8198-6a8bfdfd789c.html
- October 3, 2022 Bedford Co. Book Challenging Policy Passes; Parents Not Part of Process until Step Four https://wset.com/news/local/book-challenging-policy-library-bedford-county-passes-parents-rights-students-classroom-school-material-virginia-public-education-curriculum-fall-dr-susan-mele-georgia-hairston-susan-kirby-christopher-daniels2022#
- October 2, 2022 New Virginia Law Mandates Public Schools Alert Parents to Sexually Explicit Instructional Material https://www.foxnews.com/us/new-virginia-law-mandates-public-schools-alert-parents-sexually-explicit-instructional-material
- October 2, 2022 Virginia Governor Seeks to Limit Protection to Transgender Students https://depauliaonline.com/59921/nation/virginia-governor-seeks-to-limit-protection-to-transgender-students/
- October 1, 2022 New Virginia Law Means Parents Must be Alerted to any Sexually-Explicit Material at School https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/instructional-materials-with-sexually-explicit-content-new-virginia-law
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